Logic synthesis is one aspect of electronic design automation. A network (net) is a collection of two or more interconnected components. The goal of HLS is to let hardware designers efficiently build and verify hardware, by giving them better control over optimization of their design architecture, and through the nature of allowing the designer to describe the design at a higher level of abstraction while the tool does the RTL implementation. IP cores can be used as building blocks within application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) designs or field-programmable gate array (FPGA) logic designs. In electronic design a semiconductor intellectual property core, IP core, or IP block is a reusable unit of logic, cell, or integrated circuit layout design that is the intellectual property of one party. In electronics, logic synthesis is a process by which an abstract specification of desired circuit behavior, typically at register transfer level (RTL), is turned into a design implementation in terms of logic gates, typically by a computer program called a synthesis tool. At this step, circuit representations of the components of the design are converted into geometric representations of shapes which, when manufactured in the corresponding layers of materials, will ensure the required functioning of the components. Throughout every step of a very complex, multi-step procedure, the original functionality and the behavior described by the original code must be maintained. After listing out all the features in the specification, the verification engineer will write coverage for those features to identify bugs, and send back the RTL design to the designer. There are two types of sign-off's: front-end sign-off and back-end sign-off. A formal equivalence check can be performed between any two representations of a design: RTL <> netlist, netlist <> netlist or RTL <> RTL, though the latter is rare compared to the first two. However, the previously proposed formal equivalence checking approaches cannot handle designs if the mapping information is not given beforehand. Logical equivalence is different from material equivalence, although the two concepts are closely related. Therefore, instead of blindly assuming that no mistakes were made, a verification step is needed to check the logical equivalence of the final version of the netlist to the original description of the design (golden reference model). Deep state sequences (DSSs)-based equivalence checking approach is the state-of-the-art equivalence checking … ICs are now used in virtually all electronic equipment and have revolutionized the world of electronics. That is, if they have the same truth value in every model. In contrast, analog circuits manipulate analog signals whose performance is more subject to manufacturing tolerance, signal attenuation and noise. Some novel approaches to the problems of verifying design revisions after intensive … Part of Springer Nature. In a synchronous logic circuit, an electronic oscillator called the clock generates a string of pulses, the "clock signal". Standard cell methodology is an example of design abstraction, whereby a low-level very-large-scale integration (VLSI) layout is encapsulated into an abstract logic representation. IP cores may be licensed to another party or can be owned and used by a single party alone. This process is called formal equivalence checking and is a problem that is studied under the broader area of formal verification. Then, in theory, various forms of property checking can ensure they produce the same output. Microprocessors operate on numbers and symbols represented in the binary number system. Contemporary physical design software will occasionally also make significant modifications (such as replacing logic elements with equivalent similar elements that have a higher or lower drive strength and/or area) to the netlist. Logical equivalence checking (Source: Aijaz Fatima) Sequential equivalence checking (SEC): Sequential equivalence checking is the process of verifying that two designs are functionally identical and that they give the same outputs when provided with the same inputs. High-level verification (HLV), or electronic system-level (ESL) verification, is the task to verify ESL designs at high abstraction level, i.e., it is the task to verify a model that represents hardware above register-transfer level (RTL) abstract level. The Layout Versus Schematic (LVS) is the class of electronic design automation (EDA) verification software that determines whether a particular integrated circuit layout corresponds to the original schematic or circuit diagram of the design. When the delay through the elements is greater than the clock cycle time, the elements are said to be on the critical path. Verification of the RTL is an important part of the process. Timing closure is the process by which a logic design consisting of primitive elements such as combinatorial logic gates and sequential logic gates is modified to meet its timing requirements. This step is usually split into several sub-steps, which include both design and verification and validation of the layout. However, the previously proposed formal equivalence checking approaches cannot handle designs if the mapping information is not given beforehand. IBM differentiates between RIT-A for the non-metallic structures and RIT-B for the metal layers. The IC's mass production capability, reliability and building-block approach to circuit design has ensured the rapid adoption of standardized ICs in place of designs using discrete transistors. When the coverage reaches a maximum% then the verification team will sign it off. VHDL can also be used as a general purpose parallel programming language. Since then, Verilog is officially part of the SystemVerilog language. In electronics design, tape-out or tapeout is the final result of the design process for integrated circuits or printed circuit boards before they are sent for manufacturing. This process is called gate level logic simulation. Historically, one way to check the equivalence was to re-simulate, using the final netlist, the test cases that were developed for verifying the correctness of the RTL. This description is the golden reference model that describes in detail which operations will be executed during which clock cycle and by which pieces of hardware. An integrated circuit or monolithic integrated circuit is a set of electronic circuits on one small flat piece of semiconductor material that is normally silicon. SystemC processes can communicate in a simulated real-time environment, using signals of all the datatypes offered by C++, some additional ones offered by the SystemC library, as well as user defined. In VLSI semiconductor manufacturing, the process of Design Closure is a part of the development workflow by which an integrated circuit design is modified from its initial description to meet a growing list of design constraints and objectives. Other data structures used to represent Boolean functions include negation normal form (NNF), Zhegalkin polynomials, and propositional directed acyclic graphs (PDAG). In theory, a logic synthesis tool guarantees that the first netlist is logically equivalent to the RTL source code. In practice, programs have bugs and it would be a major risk to assume that all steps from RTL through the final tape-out netlist have been performed without error. In integrated circuit design, physical design is a step in the standard design cycle which follows after the circuit design. An and-inverter graph (AIG) is a directed, acyclic graph that represents a structural implementation of the logical functionality of a circuit or network. The initial netlist will usually undergo a number of transformations such as optimization, addition of Design For Test (DFT) structures, etc., before it is used as the basis for the placement of the logic elements into a physical layout. Integrated circuit design, or IC design, is a subset of electronics engineering, encompassing the particular logic and circuit design techniques required to design integrated circuits, or ICs. By using a methodology like UVM, OVM, or VMM, the verification team develops a reusable environment. In the automated design of integrated circuits, signoff checks is the collective name given to a series of verification steps that the design must pass before it can be taped out. 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